Power setting

ABSTRACT

One example method of operation of a basestation in a mobile communications network is disclosed. The basestation may operate on a carrier channel and may be a member of a group of such basestations within the network. The method comprises establishing the presence of an adjacent basestation outside the group, which basestation operates on a carrier channel at least partially overlapping the carrier channel of the basestation and determining a degree of association between the basestation and the adjacent basestation with reference to other group members. The method further comprises setting at least one of a maximum downlink power for transmissions from the basestation and a maximum uplink power for transmissions from user equipment devices attached to the basestation, based on the degree of association between the basestation and the adjacent basestation. Also disclosed is a basestation operating in accordance with such a method.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/071,724, filed on Mar. 16, 2016, entitled “POWER SETTING,” Inventors Pankaj Uplenchwar et al., which application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/326,188, filed Jul. 8, 2014, entitled “POWER SETTING,” Inventors Pankaj Uplenchwar et al., which claims priority from the Patent application filed in the United Kingdom on 9 Jul. 2013, having application Serial No. GB 1312321.1, entitled “POWER SETTING,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This present disclosure relates to a basestation for use in a cellular mobile communications network, and to an example method of operation of a basestation in which at least one of a maximum downlink power for transmissions from the basestation and a maximum uplink power for transmissions from user equipment devices attached to the basestation is set.

BACKGROUND

Small cell basestations are known and used in many cellular networks. A small cell basestation forms an access point that provides mobile coverage in areas where such coverage is problematic. Small cell basestations may for example be deployed in residential or business premises. The small cell basestation connects to the core network of a cellular network operator by means of an existing network connection. The device then provides cellular network coverage for subscribers within a coverage area of the device. Small cell basestations are intended to complement existing macro layer network coverage such that user equipment devices may attach to and use either a macro layer basestation or a small cell basestation, depending on their location. A cooperating group or network of such small cell basestations may be established, for example to provide service in larger premises having multiple floors or a significant surface area.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, and to show how it may be put into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a building within the coverage area of a basestation;

FIG. 2 illustrates small cell basestations deployed within a floor of the building of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the connection of small cell basestations to the wider cellular network;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a process for setting a downlink power in a basestation;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a process for setting an uplink power for transmissions to a basestation;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating another process for setting a downlink power in a basestation;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating another process for setting an uplink power for transmissions to a basestation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS Overview

According to the present disclosure, there is provided a method of operation of a basestation in a mobile communications network, wherein the basestation operates on a carrier channel and is a member of a group of such basestations within the network, the method comprising: establishing the presence of an adjacent basestation outside the group, which basestation operates on a carrier channel at least partially overlapping the carrier channel of the basestation; determining a degree of association between the basestation and the adjacent basestation with reference to other group members; and setting at least one of a maximum downlink power for transmissions from the basestation and a maximum uplink power for transmissions from user equipment devices attached to the basestation, based on the degree of association between the basestation and the adjacent basestation. According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a basestation adapted to operate in accordance with the method of the first aspect of the disclosure.

Example Embodiments

Small cell basestations are typically intended to run autonomously, and thus have many self-configuration capabilities. One important self-configuration capability for a small cell basestation is the setting of power limits for downlink transmissions from the basestation and for uplink transmissions from user equipment devices attached to the basestation. For both uplink and downlink transmissions, devices should transmit at a power that is sufficiently high to ensure that signals can be exchanged over the whole of the intended coverage area of the basestation, while achieving acceptable efficiency levels and minimizing interference to adjacent basestations and their connected user equipment devices. In the case of a network of small cell basestations, each should set its downlink and uplink power to ensure acceptable signal quality over the whole of the intended coverage area of the network.

Some cellular network operators may maintain a dedicated carrier channel for small cell basestation deployment, or may deploy small cell basestations co-channel with a camping or capacity carrier channel. In other situations, an operator may offset straddle a small cell basestation carrier channel between the macro layer camping and capacity carriers. The offset may be even, with the small cell basestation carrier channel evenly straddled between the camping and capacity carriers. Alternatively, the offset may be uneven, with the small cell basestation carrier channel preferentially offset towards one or other of the camping or capacity carrier, for example to preferentially protect one of the macro channels from interference. In other situations, small cell basestations may operate or coexist with basestations operating according to other standards or technologies.

FIG. 1 shows a building 10, which is located within the coverage area of a macrocell basestation 12 of a cellular mobile communications network. User equipment devices (UEs), such as mobile phones 14, laptop computers, tablet computers etc that are in the vicinity of the building 10 can obtain mobile communication services by establishing a connection into the mobile network through the macrocell base station 12.

Network coverage within buildings can be variable and of poor quality, leading to unavailability of service or forcing UEs to transmit signals at high transmit powers, so reducing battery life. Small cell basestations may therefore be deployed within the building 10 allowing UEs to obtain services by connecting to the mobile communications network via one of the small cell basestations. Embodiments of the present disclosure are described below with reference to the deployment of small cell basestations within a building such as an office building, educational establishment or commercial building such as a shopping centre. It will be appreciated that embodiments of the disclosure are equally applicable to other deployment situations, including for example external deployment of small cell basestations, particularly but not exclusively in locations where there is common ownership and/or management of an area in which users are expected to circulate.

FIG. 2 illustrates small cell basestation deployment on one level 16 within the interior of the building 10. In the illustrated example, the building 10 is an office building, and the whole of the level 16 is occupied by a single corporate entity. Based on the number of expected users within the level 16 at any one time, a suitable number of small cell basestations, or access points (APs) 18 are deployed throughout the level. The eight small cell access points shown in FIG. 2 are indicated as AP1-AP8.

The small cell basestations 18 are located in suitable positions throughout the building level 18. For example, it may be appropriate to provide a small cell basestation close to the or each entrance/exit, so that users entering or leaving the building can spend as long as possible connected to one of the small cell basestations. In addition, the small cell basestations should be distributed throughout the space, so that any user within the space will be able to establish a connection with one of the small cell basestations.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating network connections of the small cell basestations. The small cell basestations 18 form a group, each member of which is connected to a local area network (LAN) having a LAN server 20, which also has a connection to a wide area network 22, in particular a public wide area network such as the internet. The small cell basestations 18 are able to connect over the wide area network 22 to a core network 24 of the mobile communications network. The core network 24 includes a management node 26, which monitors and controls where necessary the operation of the small cell basestations 18.

In one example, the management node 26 distributes to all small cell basestations 18 in the group the relevant information about the group, including: the IDs of all small cell basestations in the group; and their main RF parameters, such as the UTRA Absolute RF Channel Number (UARFCN) and scrambling code (SC), the Location Area Code (LAC) and Cell-ID, as well as certain initial parameters for power setting. However, it should also be noted that the small cell basestations in the group are able to communicate directly with each other on a peer-to-peer basis.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described below with reference to a small cell basestation operating in accordance with existing cellular standards set by 3GPP. However, it will be appreciated that the same techniques can be used in networks using all existing and future network standards in which the initial downlink power and/pr uplink power for an access point or basestation can be set based on information available at the time.

According to embodiments of the disclosure, the small cell basestation can enter the downlink monitor mode (DLMM), in which it can detect signals transmitted by other small cell basestations, to capture the identities of the neighbouring small cell basestations. Thus, by matching the detected UARFCN/SC and LAC/Cell-ID transmitted by each small cell basestation with the information received from the management node 26, the small cell basestation 18 is able to populate a neighbour table automatically. This neighbour table can then be used in the case of handovers for local mobility, supporting mobility within the group as well as to/from the macro layer. Cell-reselection with other small cell basestations is achieved by each broadcasting the relevant carrier and scrambling code information. Handover from one small cell basestation to another can be achieved because each small cell basestation has a full map of its neighbour small cell basestations, including their IDs, and so it can send a handover command that is unequivocally pointing to a specific small cell basestation.

In addition to information received from the management node 26 and peer-to-peer communication, each small cell basestation receives periodic measurement reports from its connected user equipment devices, with these reports indicating the signal strengths of intra-frequency neighbouring small cell basestations. Further, each small cell basestation sends measurement control messages to its connected user equipment devices that are operating in compressed mode, requiring them to provide periodic measurements of their inter-frequency neighbouring small cell basestations.

Finally, each small cell basestation is also able to communicate with the other small cell basestations via the local area network to which they are connected.

As discussed above, the small cell basestations 18 may be deployed on a carrier channel that is offset straddled between the carrier channels of network macro basestations. The offset may be even, such that the channel is evenly straddled between adjacent macro channels, or the small cell carrier channel may in some instances be preferentially offset towards one or other of the macro channels, for example to protect one of the channels from interference. It is also possible that the small cell basestations may be deployed on a carrier channel in use by a macro layer basestation of another network. For example, small cell basestations in a third generation mobile network may be deployed to coexist with other technologies including for example GSM. In some instances, the channel of the small cell basestations may overlap more or less completely with a neighbouring GSM basestation. This situation is known as co-GSM. Embodiments of the present disclosure enable a small cell basestation in an offset straddled or co-GSM deployment, and which is a part of a group of small cell basestations, to set its downlink and uplink power limits so as to satisfy the criteria discussed above. That is to satisfy required coverage for the cell, and group of cells, while maximising efficiency and minimising interference to adjacent macro layer or other network basestations.

According to embodiments of the disclosure, a small cell basestation first establishes the existence of a neighbouring basestation or basestations outside the group of small cell access points, which basestation is transmitting on a carrier channel, which overlaps with the carrier channel of the small cell basestation. The small cell basestation then determines the degree of association between itself and the adjacent basestation with reference to other group members. The degree of association between the small cell basestation and the adjacent basestation may be determined by the manner in which the small cell basestation established the existence of the adjacent basestation. For example, the small cell basestation may determine whether it was able to detect the adjacent basestation directly, or whether it was informed of the existence of the basestation by a neighbour small cell basestation. In the latter case, the small cell basestation may also determine the neighbour relation of the neighbour small cell basestation that detected the adjacent basestation. The distribution of the small cell basestations over their deployment area is likely to mean that one or more of the group of small cell basestations is closer to the macro layer basestation or basestations than others within the group. A neighbour small cell basestation may effectively block another small cell basestation from detecting the presence of the neighbour macro basestation. The manner in which the presence of the adjacent basestation was established therefore provides the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the adjacent basestation: direct detection, detection via a first tier neighbour, a second tier neighbour etc. Further detail of this process is discussed below with reference to specific embodiments.

The degree of association between the small cell basestation and the macro layer basestation is then used in setting at least one of a maximum downlink power for transmissions from the basestation and a maximum uplink power for transmissions from user equipment devices attached to the basestation. The greater the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the adjacent basestation, the greater the downlink power limit is set to be, and the smaller the uplink power limit is set to be, thus maintaining cell coverage while minimising interference. By basing the setting of power limits on the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the adjacent basestation, the small cell basestation cooperates with the other group members to maximise efficiency and coverage over the combined group coverage area while minimising adverse impact on the macro layer and any other basestations transmitting within the vicinity on overlapping carrier channels.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described below, with reference to different deployment situations. In a first embodiment, the small cell basestations 18 of the group are deployed on a carrier channel that is evenly offset straddled between the macro carrier channels of the network. Setting of downlink and uplink power limits for this deployment situation is discussed below. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating in general terms the process followed by a small cell basestation in such a deployment when setting its downlink power level. This procedure is preferably performed whenever the small cell basestation is powered up. The procedure can then be performed again whenever it appears that it would produce different results. For example, when the small cell basestation detects signals from a new nearby small cell basestation, the procedure can be performed again in order to check that the set downlink power remains optimal. The procedure for setting the uplink power is discussed below with reference to FIG. 5.

With reference to FIG. 4, in a first step 40, the small cell basestation receives information in the form of a Master Relationship Table (MRT) and also receives information obtained in its own downlink monitor mode (DLMM). As discussed above, in the DLMM, the small cell basestation is able to detect signals transmitted by other basestations, and is able to obtain the identity of each cell from which it is able to detect signals, and additional information such as the transmit powers used by such cells.

The Master Relationship Table includes information about each small cell basestation in the group, which information may include: the unique Cell ID of the small cell basestation; the Group ID of the small cell basestation; the frequency and Primary Scrambling Code selected by the small cell basestation; the Cell ID, Primary Scrambling Code, UARFCN, CPICH Tx power adjustment and CPICH Tx power of other small cell basestations and Macro Layer nodeBs detected by that small cell basestation; and strongest detected cell information.

Whenever a small cell basestation powers up for the first time it broadcasts a message to indicate that it now part of the network. A random small cell basestation then sends it a copy of the MRT so that it can start its automatic configuration.

New small cell basestations are generally added into the MRT with a particular time stamp (known as the creation time stamp). The priority of the small cell basestation is sometimes determined by the value of the time stamp.

Whenever a small cell basestation changes its configuration (either chooses a new frequency and/or scrambling code, or updates the Mobility Table) it will rebroadcast the MRT over the local area network with these changes. In addition, the management system may remove small cell basestations from the MRT if they appear to be inactive.

Having received the above information at step 40, the small cell basestation then proceeds to step 42, in which it establishes whether or not it is operating in “enterprise mode.” Enterprise mode is the term used in the present disclosure to describe a mode of operation in which a group of cooperating small cell basestations is deployed. This term corresponds to the typical use of such group deployments for business or enterprise premises. If the small cell basestation determines at step 42 that it is not part of a group deployment, then it proceeds to follow appropriate algorithms for a single cell, or “residential” deployment and exits the process at step 44.

If the small cell basestation determines at step 42 that it is part of a group deployment, hence operating in enterprise mode, then it proceeds to determine at step 46 whether or not it is deployed upon an offset straddled carrier channel. As discussed above, the small cell basestation may be deployed co-channel with a macro basestation or on a clear channel. If this is the case, the small cell basestation proceeds at step 48 to follow enterprise clear/co-channel deployment power setting algorithms and to exit the process.

If the small cell basestation determines at step 46 that it is deployed on an offset straddled carrier, then it may proceed with the power setting process according to the present embodiment. This first involves establishing the degree of association of the small cell basestation to the macro neighbours whose presence has been established. Through the information receipt/exchange discussed above, the small cell basestation has established the presence of the adjacent macro basestation or basestations transmitting on the macro carriers between which its channel is offset straddled. The small cell basestation then proceeds to determine its degree of association with the adjacent macro basestations with reference to other members of the small cell group deployment. As discussed above, this may be done with reference to the neighbour relationship of the small cell basestation to that group member basestation which directly decoded the adjacent macro neighbours.

Other small cell basestations in the group may be categorised by a particular basestation according to their closeness as neighbours to that basestation. Based on the information received in step 40, the small cell basestation is able to divide the other small cell basestations in the group into tiers. The tier of a neighbour small cell basestation indicates the number of steps through which the small cell basestation has become aware of the neighbour.

Thus, a Tier 1 neighbour may be one, which the small cell basestation has itself detected in its Downlink Monitor Mode. Alternatively, the neighbour may have detected the first small cell basestation in its own Downlink Monitor Mode, and the first small cell basestation may have become aware of this through the Master Relationship Table and reciprocated the relationship.

A Tier 2 neighbour is one, which the small cell basestation has become aware of through a Tier 1 neighbour. Knowledge of the Tier 2 neighbour may be obtained from SIB (System Information Block) 11 of a Tier 1 small cell basestation or from a Macro Layer Neighbour. Alternatively, knowledge of the Tier 2 neighbour may be obtained by looking up the Master Relationship Table entry of a Tier 1 neighbour.

A Tier 3 neighbour is one, which the small cell basestation has become aware of by looking up the Master Relationship Table entry of a Tier 2 neighbour. Depending on the size of the network, lower Tier neighbours might also exist, with the small cell basestation becoming aware of them through looking up the Master Relationship Table entry of a neighbour in the previous tier.

If the small cell basestation has directly decoded its macro neighbours, then the small cell basestation has a high degree of association with the macro neighbours. If the small cell basestation became aware of the macro neighbours via a Tier 1 group neighbour, then the degree of association with the macro neighbours is less. If the small cell basestation became aware of the macro neighbours via a Tier 2 neighbour, then the degree of association is less again, and so on. Based upon this degree of association, the small cell basestation may calculate a target signal strength with which signals transmitted by the small cell basestation should be received, as discussed below. The downlink power may then be set to achieve the target signal strength.

The degree of association between the small cell basestation and the macro neighbours is established in steps 50, 54 and 58 of the process. In step 50, the small cell basestation establishes whether or not it was able directly to decode both of its adjacent macro neighbours. If the small cell basestation was able directly to decode both of its macro neighbours, then it proceeds at step 52 to set the target signal strength as T₀, the equation for which is discussed below. If the small cell basestation was not able directly to decode its macro neighbours, it then assesses at step 54 whether or not a first tier neighbour decoded the macro neighbours. If a first tier neighbour decoded the macro neighbours then the small cell basestation proceeds at step 56 to set the target signal strength as T₁, the equation for which is also discussed below. Having determined at step 54 that a first tier neighbour did detect the macro neighbours, the small cell basestation may then conduct additional checking steps 55 and 57 before setting the target signal strength as T₁, as discussed in further detail below. If a first tier neighbour was not able to decode the macro neighbours, the small cell basestation proceeds at step 58 to determine whether or not a second tier neighbour decoded the macro neighbours. If a second tier neighbour decoded the macro neighbours then the small cell basestation proceeds at step 60 to set the target signal strength as T₂. If a second tier neighbour was not able to decode the macro neighbours, the small cell basestation sets the target signal strength as T₃.

The target signal strengths T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃ are calculated according to the following equations:

$\begin{matrix} {T_{0} = {\max \left\{ {{\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}},\left( {{{mean}\; 95\% \mspace{14mu} {adjacentRSCP}} - {OffsetRSCP}} \right)} \right\}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \\ {T_{1} = {\max \left\{ {{\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}},\left( {{{mean}\left( {{{mean}\; 95\% \mspace{14mu} {adjacentRSCP}} - {OffsetRSCP}} \right)},{\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}}} \right)} \right\}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \\ {\mspace{79mu} {T_{2} = {\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3} \\ {\mspace{79mu} {T_{3} = {\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

Calculating T₀ involves the calculation of a reference signal strength, which is the average of the 95^(th) percentile of the Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) of the adjacent macro carriers between which the small cell basestation is offset straddled. This average is adjusted by OffsetRSCP, which is a margin included to account for the lower interference resulting from an offset straddled carrier compared to a co-channel carrier. In order to ensure sufficient signal dominance over the adjacent macro channels for the cell coverage area, T₀ is set as the larger of this reference signal strength and the minimum acceptable signal strength for a small cell basestation in an enterprise deployment. The minimum enterprise RSCP is a database parameter that may be configured according to operator requirements and received by the small cell basestation from the LAN. The reference target signal strength is the largest of the potential target signal strengths, being calculated as an average value of the signal strengths on the adjacent macro carriers. According to the present embodiment, the average value is a liner value calculated in mW and converted back into dBm.

Calculating T₁ involves calculating a reduced target signal strength, which is set in the event that a first tier neighbour, decoded the adjacent macros. The reduced target signal strength is calculated as an average of the reference value calculated for T₀ and the minimum enterprise RSCP. The average is calculated as a linear value in mW and converted back to dBm. As in the case of T₀, in order to ensure sufficient signal dominance over the adjacent macro channels, T₁ is set as the larger of this calculated signal strength and the minimum enterprise RSCP. Referring again to FIG. 4, if a first tier neighbour did detect the adjacent macros (yes at step 54), the small cell basestation may then check, at step 55 whether or not more than one first tier neighbour detected the adjacent macros. It is possible that more than one valid first tier neighbour may detect the adjacent macros, and further, that the two first tier neighbours may detect the neighbouring macros with differing signal strengths, owing to the differing positions of the first tier neighbours. In such cases (yes at step 55), the small cell basestation uses as its reference for the calculation of T₁ the first tier neighbour having the smallest pathloss to the small cell basestation (step 57). If only one first tier neighbour detected the adjacent macros (No in step 55), then the small cell basestation proceeds directly to the calculation of T₁.

Both T₂ and T₃ are set as the minimum enterprise RSCP and thus are anticipated to be smaller than the reference value and the reduced value signal strength in a majority of situations. Only in the event that the calculated values for the reference or reduced target signal strengths are smaller than the minimum value, will the lowest target signal strengths T₂ and T₃ be equal to either of T₀ and/or T₁.

Target signal strengths T₂ and T₃ are selected in the event that the adjacent macro basestations are detected by a second or higher tier neighbour. In such situations, the small cell basestation is not within the detection range of the macro neighbours. It may therefore be expected that the minimum enterprise RSCP will be sufficient to achieve good coverage for the small cell basestation. Small cell basestations that are closer to or within the detection range of the adjacent macro basestations (basestations detected by a first tier neighbour or by the small cell basestation itself) require a higher target RSCP (T₁ or T₀) in order to ensure good coverage for the small cell basestation.

The effect of the decision making steps 50, 54 and 58 and the above described equations is to set a higher target signal strength for a small cell basestation having a higher degree of association with the neighbour macro basestations and a lower target signal strength for a small cell basestation having a lower degree of association with the neighbour macros.

After setting the target RSCP in step 52, 56, 60 or 62, the small cell basestation then proceeds to calculate the downlink power that will provide the target signal strength at step 64. The downlink power is calculated according to the following equation:

DLPower=TargetRSCP+GridPathloss+10% powerCPICH  Equation 5

The TargetRSCP is the value of T₀, T₁, T₂ or T₃ calculated as appropriate according to the degree of association determined in steps 50, 54, and/or 58. The GridPathloss is a database parameter representing pathloss in the enterprise deployment situation. This configurable parameter is the same for all small cell basestations in the group in an initial power setting process, but may be replaced by a value derived from measurements made during operation for the setting of ongoing power limits, as discussed in further detail below. By setting the DL power to achieve the calculated target signal strength, the process ensures that the DL power is set so as to achieve the above-discussed goals of ensuring cell area coverage while maximising efficiency and minimising interference to neighbouring macro cells.

When the process of FIG. 4 is followed for the setting of initial power limits, the RSCP measurements used to calculate target RSCP T₀ and/or T₁ are those measurements obtained in the downlink monitor mode (DLMM). When the process is followed at any time subsequent to initial setup, these measurements may be enhanced by the use of measurements obtained from connected UEs in compressed mode, or by measurements obtained through fast sniff, so ensuring the calculated target signal strength reflects as closely as possible the RF environment at the time. Additionally, the database parameter GridPathloss used in calculating the downlink power may be replaced by a Mean Grid Pathloss, which is the estimated average grid pathloss obtained from the participating small cell basestations in the group. In this manner, the ongoing downlink power limit may continue to reflect the conditions at the deployment site.

The above discussion illustrates how a small cell basestation may set its initial and ongoing downlink power limit when operating on a carrier channel that is evenly offset straddled between the neighbouring macro channels. As previously discussed, the group of small cells may operate on a carrier channel that is preferentially offset towards one or other of the neighbouring macro channels. This “preferentially offset straddled” deployment may protect one or other of the carrier channels, or may be selected to reflect a particular geographical deployment of adjacent macrocell basestations. In the case of a preferentially offset straddled deployment, the procedure for setting initial and ongoing downlink power is substantially as discussed above for an evenly offset straddled carrier, with the exception of the calculation of the target RSCP values T₀ and T₁. In a preferentially offset straddled deployment, the average of the 95^(th) percentile of adjacent RSCP values (mean95% adjacentRSCP) is calculated as a weighted average to reflect the uneven frequency offset of the carrier channel with respect to the two adjacent macro channels. Weighting factors may be applied to the two RSCP values in proportion to the frequency offset of the small cell basestation carrier channel with respect to the two adjacent macro channels. The equations for target RSCP T₀ and T₁ may be modified as follows in the event of a preferentially offset straddled deployment:

$\begin{matrix} {T_{0 - a} = {\max \left\{ \begin{matrix} {\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}} \\ \begin{pmatrix} {10\log \; 10\begin{pmatrix} {\left\{ {W\; 1*10\left( {95^{th}{percentileCarrier}\; {1/10}} \right)} \right\} +} \\ \left\{ {W\; 2*10\left( {95^{th}{percentileCarrier}\; {2/10}} \right)} \right\} \end{pmatrix}} \\ {- {OffsetRSCP}} \end{pmatrix} \end{matrix} \right.}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1a} \\ {T_{1 - a} = {\max {\quad{\begin{pmatrix} {{\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}},} \\ \left( {{mean}\begin{pmatrix} {10\log \; 10\begin{pmatrix} {\left\{ {W\; 1*\left( \frac{95^{th}{percentileCarrier}\; 1}{10} \right)} \right\} +} \\ \left\{ {W\; 2*\left( \frac{95^{th}{percentileCarrier}\; 2}{10} \right)} \right\} \end{pmatrix}} \\ {{- {OffsetRSCP}},{\min \; {enterpriseRSCP}}} \end{pmatrix}} \right) \end{pmatrix}\quad}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2a} \end{matrix}$

W1 and W2 represent the weights applied to the contributions of the two adjacent macro carrier channels. The values for W1 and W2 are set in proportion to the frequency offset of the small cell basestation carrier channel with respect to the two adjacent macro channels.

T₂ and T₃ remain unchanged for the preferentially offset straddled case, as the minimum enterprise RSCP value is used.

Considering now the uplink power situation in the present embodiment, FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating in general terms the process followed by a small cell basestation according to the present embodiment when setting the uplink power level for its connected UEs. As for the downlink power setting, this procedure is preferably performed whenever the small cell basestation is powered up. The procedure can then be performed again whenever it appears that it would produce different results. For example, when the small cell basestation detects signals from a new nearby small cell basestation, the procedure can be performed again in order to check that the set uplink power remains optimal.

Referring to FIG. 5, the process for setting uplink power follows initial steps 70, 72, 74, 76 and 78, which are equivalent to steps 40 to 48 followed in the process for setting downlink power. In these steps, the small cell basestation establishes that it is operating in a group of small cell basestations (enterprise mode) and is deployed on an offset straddled carrier channel. If the small cell basestation is an a “residential” deployment or operating on a clear or co-channel enterprise deployment, the basestation exits the process of FIG. 5 to follow the appropriate residential or clear/co-channel power setting algorithms.

Having established that it is in an enterprise offset straddled deployment, the small cell basestation then proceeds to establish the degree of association of the small cell basestation to the macro neighbours. As discussed above in connection with downlink power setting, this is done with reference to the neighbour relationship of the small cell basestation to that group member basestation which directly decoded the adjacent macro neighbours.

The small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit for its attached UEs to a value UL₀ or UL₁ according to the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the macro neighbours. The small cell basestation conducts substantially equivalent procedural steps to those followed for downlink power setting, checking whether it was the small cell basestation itself that decoded the macro neighbours (step 80), or a first tier neighbour (step 82), or a second tier neighbour (step 84). If the macro neighbours were decoded by the small cell basestation itself or by a first tier neighbour, the small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit to be UL₀ in step 86 for self-detection or step 88 for detection by a Tier 1 neighbour. In the case of detection by a first tier neighbour, the small cell basestation may perform the additional steps 83 and 85 as illustrated in FIG. 5 and discussed below. If the macro neighbours were decoded by a second or lower tier neighbour, the small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit as UL₁, in step 90 or 92 respectively. The uplink power limits UL₀ and UL₁ are calculated according to the following equations:

UL₀=NodeBNoiseFloor+SmallestSmallCelltoMacroPathlass−ULNoiseRiseMargin   Equation 6

UL₁=MaximumPermittedULTxPower  Equation 7

The NodeB noise floor and uplink noise rise margin are database configurable parameters, which may be communicated to the small cell basestation as part of the information exchange of step 70. In the setting of initial uplink power, the smallest small cell to macro pathloss is obtained through initial network listen. In the setting of ongoing uplink power limits, the smallest small cell to macro pathloss may be adjusted using measurements obtained from fast sniff, optionally complemented with UE compressed mode measurements if available. With reference to step 88, if the uplink power limit is set as UL₀ following detection of adjacent macros by a first tier neighbour, the small cell basestation may first determine at step 83 whether the adjacent macros were detected by more than one first tier neighbour. As discussed with reference to FIG. 4, it is possible that more than one valid first tier neighbour may detect the adjacent macros, and further, that the two first tier neighbours may detect the neighbouring macros with differing signal strengths, owing to the differing positions of the first tier neighbours. If this were the case, the two first tier neighbours would have differing uplink transmit power limits, as the detected signal strength of the macros translates to the pathloss used to calculate the uplink pathloss. In such cases (yes at step 83), the small cell basestation uses as its reference for the calculation of UL₀ the first tier neighbour having the smallest pathloss to the small cell basestation (step 85). If only one first tier neighbour detected the adjacent macros (No in step 83), then the small cell basestation proceeds directly to the calculation of UL₀.

The maximum permitted UL transmit power is also a database configurable parameter, and is set as the uplink power in situations where the small cell basestation established the existence of its macro neighbours through a second or lower tier neighbour. In such situations, the level of association between the small cell basestation and its macro neighbours is low, indicating that the uplink power for connected UEs may be set to a maximum level without risking undue interference to the macro neighbours.

In a preferentially offset straddled deployment situation, the smallest small cell to macro pathloss may be calculated by applying weighting factors to account for uneven small cell channel offset from the adjacent macro carriers, as illustrated in Equation 8 below:

$\begin{matrix} {{SmallestSmallCelltoMarcoPathloss} = {10\log \; 10\begin{pmatrix} {\left\{ {W\; 1*10^{({1{{{stPercentileCarrier}1{\_ PL}}/10}})}} \right\} +} \\ \left\{ {W\; 2*10^{({1{{{stPercentileCarrier}2{\_ PL}}/10}})}} \right\} \end{pmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \end{matrix}$

W1 and W2 represent the weights applied to the contributions of the two adjacent macro carrier channels. The values for W1 and W2 are in proportion to the frequency offset of the small cell basestation carrier channel with respect to the two adjacent macro channels.

The above discussion illustrates how downlink and uplink power limits may be set for a small cell within a group of small cells operating on an evenly or preferentially offset straddled carrier channel. As discussed previously, a group or network of small cells may also be deployed co-channel with a basestation of another network, which may be operating according to a different generation of mobile technology. This may be the case for example in a 3G network where a group of small cells is deployed to operate on the same carrier channel as a neighbouring GSM basestation. Power setting in this co-GSM deployment situation is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating in general terms the process followed by a small cell basestation in a co-GSM deployment when setting its downlink power level. This procedure is preferably performed whenever the small cell basestation is powered up. As discussed previously, the procedure may also be performed again whenever it appears that it would produce different results.

With reference to FIG. 6, in a first step 100, the small cell basestation receives information via the DLMM, from a received master relationship table and/or from a fast sniff if ongoing downlink power is being set. In step 102, the small cell basestation then determines whether or not it is operating in enterprise mode that is whether it is operating as part of a group or network of small cell basestations. If not, the small cell basestation applies the appropriate single cell, or residential algorithms and exits the process.

If the small cell basestation is operating in enterprise mode, it then proceeds to establish its degree of association with its macro GSM neighbour. This involves a similar process to that described above for an offset straddled deployment, in which the small cell basestation determines whether or not it was itself able to detect the GSM neighbour, or whether the neighbour was detected by a first, second or lower tier neighbour. The neighbour relation of the detecting basestation establishes the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the GSM neighbour. A target signal strength for signals broadcast from the small cell basestation is then calculated according to the degree of association, allowing the downlink power required to achieve this target signal strength to be calculated.

The above process of establishing a degree of association and calculating a corresponding target signal strength begins in step 106, in which the small cell basestation establishes whether it was itself able to detect the neighbour GSM cell operating on its carrier channel. If so, the small cell basestation sets the target signal strength in step 108 to be T₄, the equation for which is discussed below. If the small cell basestation was not able directly to decode its GSM neighbour, it then assesses at step 110 whether or not a first tier neighbour decoded the GSM neighbour. If a first tier neighbour decoded the GSM neighbour then the small cell basestation proceeds at step 112 to set the target signal strength as T₅, the equation for which is also discussed below. If a first tier neighbour was not able to decode the GSM neighbour, the small cell basestation proceeds at step 114 to determine whether or not a second tier neighbour decoded the GSM neighbour. If a second tier neighbour decoded the GSM neighbour then the small cell basestation proceeds at step 116 to set the target signal strength as T₆. If a second tier neighbour was not able to decode the GSM neighbour, the small cell basestation sets the target signal strength as T₇.

The target signal strengths T₄, T₅, T₆ and T₇ are calculated according to the following equations:

T ₄=max{min enterpriseRSCP,EquivalentTargetRSCP}  Equation 9

T ₅=max{min enterpriseRSCP,mean(EquivalentTargetRSCP,min enterpriseRSCP))}   Equation 10

T ₆=min enterpriseRSCP  Equation 11

T ₇=min enterpriseRSCP  Equation 12

The Equivalent target RSCP in equations 9 and 10 is calculated according to equation 13 below:

EquivalentTargetRSCP=BCHRxLev−RxLev_RSCP_offset  Equation 13

In the co-GSM deployment situation of the present embodiment, the reference signal strength is the equivalent target RSCP, which is calculated according to equation 13. The equivalent target RSCP is based upon BCH RxLev, which is a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurement indicating the strength of the received signal for GSM cells. This value is converted to an equivalent RSCP measurement using the configurable parameter RxLev_RSCP_offset. T₄ is calculated as the larger of the equivalent target RSCP and the minimum signal strength for enterprise small cells. As previously, the minimum enterprise RSCP is a database parameter that may be configured according to operator requirements and received by the small cell basestation from the LAN. The reference target signal strength is the largest of the potential target signal strengths, corresponding to a close association between the small cell basestation and the neighbouring GSM cell.

The reduced target signal strength is an average of the reference target signal strength and the minimum enterprise signal strength. T₅ is set to be the larger of this value and the minimum enterprise signal strength. This lower value is set as the target RSCP in the event that a first tier neighbour detected the neighbouring GSM cell. Finally, T₆ and T₇ are set to be the minimum enterprise signal strength. As in the first embodiment, the effect of the decision making steps 106, 110 and 114 and the above described equations is to set a higher target signal strength for a small cell basestation having a higher degree of association with the neighbour GSM basestation and a lower target signal strength for a small cell basestation having a lower degree of association with the neighbour GSM cell.

After setting the target RSCP in step 108, 112, 116 or 118, the small cell basestation then proceeds to calculate the downlink power that will provide the target signal strength at step 120. The downlink power is calculated according to Equation 5 which is repeated below:

DLPower=TargetRSCP+GridPathloss+10% powerCPICH  Equation 5

As for the first embodiment, the database configurable parameter GridPathloss that is used for initial power setting may be replaced for ongoing power calculations by a Mean Grid Pathloss, which is the estimated average grid pathloss obtained from the participating small cell basestations in the group. Additionally, the initial signal strength measurements received in step 100 may be enhanced by the use of measurements obtained from connected UEs in compressed mode, or by measurements obtained through fast sniff, thus ensuring that ongoing power calculations reflect the current RF environment.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating in general terms the process followed by a small cell basestation according to the present embodiment when setting the uplink power level for its connected UEs. As for the downlink power setting, this procedure is preferably performed whenever the small cell basestation is powered up. The procedure can then be performed again whenever it appears that it would produce different results.

Referring to FIG. 7, the process for setting uplink power follows initial steps 120, 122 and 124, which are equivalent to steps 100, 102 and 104 followed in the process for setting downlink power. In these steps, the small cell basestation establishes that it is operating in a group of small cell basestations (enterprise mode). If the small cell basestation is in a “residential” deployment, the basestation exits the process of FIG. 5 to follow the appropriate residential power setting algorithms.

Having established that it is in an enterprise deployment, the small cell basestation then proceeds to establish the degree of association of the small cell basestation to the GSM neighbour. As discussed above in connection with downlink power setting, this is done with reference to the neighbour relationship of the small cell basestation to that group member basestation which directly decoded the adjacent GSM cell.

The small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit for its attached UEs to a value UL₂ or UL₁ according to the degree of association between the small cell basestation and the GSM cell. The small cell basestation conducts substantially equivalent procedural steps to those followed for downlink power setting, checking whether it was the small cell basestation itself that decoded the GSM cell (step 126), or a first tier neighbour (step 128), or a second tier neighbour (step 130). If the neighbouring GSM cell was decoded by the small cell basestation itself or by a first tier neighbour, the small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit to be UL₂ in step 132 for self-detection or step 134 for detection by a Tier 1 neighbour. If the GSM neighbour was decoded by a second or lower tier neighbour, the small cell basestation sets the uplink power limit as UL₁, in step 136 or 138 respectively. As in the first embodiment, uplink power UL₁ is set to be the maximum permitted UL transmit power, a database configurable parameter. The uplink power limit UL₂ is calculated according to the following equation:

UL₂=└MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH−MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH _(offset) ⁻ ┘−[largestRxLev _(meas) −RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN]  Equation 14

In the above equation, MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH is the maximum transmission power that a mobile station, or MS, may transmit on the random access channel (RACH). This is also the initial power used at call setup prior to GSM UE power control being activated.

MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH_(offset) ⁻ is the offset used to derive the maximum power a UE served by a small cell basestation and located at the downlink cell edge of a GSM cell can transmit, such that GSM MSs also at the downlink cell edge can still operate in the uplink. The range corresponds to the highest power class for GSM MS and the lower limit of UMTS UE power control.

RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN is the minimum receiving level that a MS has to receive from a base transceiver station to select that cell as its serving cell. This effectively defines the downlink cell boundary for the cell.

Rx Lev_(meas) is the measured BCH Rx Lev of the GSM cells detected by the small cell basestation that overlap with the small cell basestation carrier or belong to the same GSM cell as the traffic channel carriers that overlap with the small cell carrier. Where there are multiple measurements from different GSM cells, measurements from cells with the lowest cell section parameter RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN are considered first. Cells with the lowest cell section parameter RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN are cells with the widest coverage area, which are also those cells with the smallest uplink transmit power headroom. Protecting these cells will thus also protect smaller cells having greater uplink transmit power headroom.

The process of FIG. 7 ensures that uplink powers are set so as to limit interference to the overlapping channel of the detected neighbouring GSM cell. The appropriate power calculation is selected according to the degree of association between the small cell and the GSM cell, as established via the neighbour relationship of the detecting small cell of the group.

Aspects of the present disclosure thus allow a small cell basestation operating as part of a group of such basestations to set downlink and/or uplink power limits when in an evenly or preferentially offset straddled or co-GSM deployment. The uplink and/or downlink power limits may be set so as to achieve coverage objectives for the group of small cells while also minimising impact on neighbouring macro or GSM basestations.

Note that in this Specification, references to various features (e.g., elements, structures, modules, components, steps, operations, characteristics, etc.) included in “one embodiment”, “example embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “various embodiments”, “other embodiments”, “alternative embodiment”, and the like are intended to mean that any such features are included in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, but may or may not necessarily be combined in the same embodiments. Furthermore, the words “optimize,” “optimization,” and related terms are terms of art that refer to improvements in speed and/or efficiency of a specified outcome and do not purport to indicate that a process for achieving the specified outcome has achieved, or is capable of achieving, an “optimal” or perfectly speedy/perfectly efficient state.

In example implementations, at least some portions of the activities outlined herein may be implemented in software in, for example, a basestation, and/or a server. In some embodiments, one or more of these features may be implemented in hardware, provided external to these elements, or consolidated in any appropriate manner to achieve the intended functionality. The various network elements (e.g., basestation, server) may include software (or reciprocating software) that can coordinate in order to achieve the operations as outlined herein. In still other embodiments, these elements may include any suitable algorithms, hardware, software, components, modules, interfaces, or objects that facilitate the operations thereof.

Furthermore, a basestation and/or a server described and shown herein (and/or their associated structures) may also include suitable interfaces for receiving, transmitting, and/or otherwise communicating data or information in a network environment. Additionally, some of the processors and memory elements associated with the various nodes may be removed, or otherwise consolidated such that a single processor and a single memory element are responsible for certain activities. In a general sense, the arrangements depicted in the FIGURES may be more logical in their representations, whereas a physical architecture may include various permutations, combinations, and/or hybrids of these elements. It is imperative to note that countless possible design configurations can be used to achieve the operational objectives outlined here. Accordingly, the associated infrastructure has a myriad of substitute arrangements, design choices, device possibilities, hardware configurations, software implementations, equipment options, etc.

In some of example embodiments, one or more memory elements of the basestation or server can store data used for the operations described herein. This includes the memory element being able to store instructions (e.g., software, logic, code, etc.) in non-transitory media, such that the instructions are executed to carry out the activities described in this Specification. A processor can execute any type of instructions associated with the data to achieve the operations detailed herein in this Specification. In one example, processors of the basestation or server could transform an element or an article (e.g., data) from one state or thing to another state or thing. In another example, the activities outlined herein may be implemented with fixed logic or programmable logic (e.g., software/computer instructions executed by a processor) and the elements identified herein could be some type of a programmable processor, programmable digital logic (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)), an ASIC that includes digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, magnetic or optical cards, other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storing electronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof.

These devices may further keep information in any suitable type of non-transitory storage medium (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), field programmable gate array (FPGA), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), etc.), software, hardware, or in any other suitable component, device, element, or object where appropriate and based on particular needs. The information being tracked, sent, received, or stored in the communication system of the FIGURES could be provided in any database, register, table, cache, queue, control list, or storage structure, based on particular needs and implementations, all of which could be referenced in any suitable timeframe. Any of the memory items discussed herein should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘memory element.’ Similarly, any of the potential processing elements, modules, and machines described in this Specification should be construed as being encompassed within the broad term ‘processor.’

It is also important to note that the operations and steps described with reference to the preceding FIGURES illustrate only some of the possible scenarios that may be executed by, or within, the system. Some of these operations may be deleted or removed where appropriate, or these steps may be modified or changed considerably without departing from the scope of the discussed concepts. In addition, the timing of these operations may be altered considerably and still achieve the results taught in this disclosure. The preceding operational flows have been offered for purposes of example and discussion. Substantial flexibility is provided by the system in that any suitable arrangements, chronologies, configurations, and timing mechanisms may be provided without departing from the teachings of the discussed concepts.

Although the present disclosure has been described in detail with reference to particular arrangements and configurations, these example configurations and arrangements may be changed significantly without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, although the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular communication exchanges involving certain network access and protocols, the communication system of the FIGURES may be applicable to other exchanges or routing protocols. Moreover, although the communication system of the FIGURES has been illustrated with reference to particular elements and operations that facilitate the communication process, these elements, and operations may be replaced by any suitable architecture or process that achieves the intended functionality of the communication system of the FIGURES.

Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as falling within the scope of the appended claims. In order to assist the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and, additionally, any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, Applicant wishes to note that the Applicant: (a) does not intend any of the appended claims to invoke paragraph six (6) of 35 U.S.C. section 112 as it exists on the date of the filing hereof unless the words “means for” or “step for” are specifically used in the particular claims; and (b) does not intend, by any statement in the specification, to limit this disclosure in any way that is not otherwise reflected in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is: 1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method comprising: determining, at a first base station, one or more neighbor base stations of the first base station, wherein the first base station and the one or more neighbor base stations belong to a group of base stations; detecting an adjacent base station that is adjacent base station and that is not a member of the group of base stations; determining a degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station based on whether the adjacent base station was detected by the first base station or by at least one neighbor base station of the group of base stations; and setting an uplink transmit power for each of one or more user equipment (UE) attached to the first base station based, at least in part, on the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining one or more first tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more first tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by the first base station; and determining one or more second tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more second tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by at least one of the one or more second tier neighbor base stations.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station is determined to be highest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is detected by the first base station or by at least one first tier neighbor.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a reference uplink transmit power based on a pathloss to the adjacent base station.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: determining that more than one first tier neighbor base station has detected the adjacent base station; and determining a smallest pathloss to the adjacent base station from among the more than one first tier neighbor base station that detected the adjacent base station, wherein the reference uplink transmit power is based on the smallest pathloss to the adjacent base station.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the degree of association between the first base station is determined to be lowest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is not detected by the first base station and is not detected by at least one second tier neighbor.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a maximum allowable uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE.
 28. The method of claim 21, further comprising: determining that the adjacent base station operates on a carrier channel that at least partially overlaps a carrier channel of the first base station.
 29. At least one non-transitory machine-readable medium comprising instructions encoded for execution by at least one processor, wherein the execution causes the at least one processor to perform operations, comprising: determining, at a first base station, one or more neighbor base stations of the first base station, wherein the first base station and the one or more neighbor base stations belong to a group of base stations; detecting an adjacent base station that is adjacent base station and that is not a member of the group of base stations; determining a degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station based on whether the adjacent base station was detected by the first base station or by at least one neighbor base station of the group of base stations; and setting an uplink transmit power for each of one or more user equipment (UE) attached to the first base station based, at least in part, on the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station.
 30. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 29, further comprising instructions encoded for execution by the at least one processor, wherein the execution causes the at least one processor to perform further operations comprising: determining one or more first tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more first tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by the first base station; and determining one or more second tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more second tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by at least one of the one or more second tier neighbor base stations.
 31. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 30, wherein the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station is determined to be highest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is detected by the first base station or by at least one first tier neighbor.
 32. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a reference uplink transmit power based on a pathloss to the adjacent base station.
 33. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 32, further comprising instructions encoded for execution by the at least one processor, wherein the execution causes the at least one processor to perform further operations comprising: determining that more than one first tier neighbor base station has detected the adjacent base station; and determining a smallest pathloss to the adjacent base station from among the more than one first tier neighbor base station that detected the adjacent base station, wherein the reference uplink transmit power is based on the smallest pathloss to the adjacent base station.
 34. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 30, wherein the degree of association between the first base station is determined to be lowest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is not detected by the first base station and is not detected by at least one second tier neighbor.
 35. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 34, wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a maximum allowable uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE.
 36. The at least one non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 29, further comprising instructions encoded for execution by the at least one processor, wherein the execution causes the at least one processor to perform further operations comprising: determining that the adjacent base station operates on a carrier channel that at least partially overlaps a carrier channel of the first base station.
 37. A first base station comprising: at least one memory element for storing data; and at least one processor for executing instructions associated with the data, wherein the executing causes the first base station to perform operations comprising: determining one or more neighbor base stations of the first base station, wherein the first base station and the one or more neighbor base stations belong to a group of base stations; detecting an adjacent base station that is adjacent base station and that is not a member of the group of base stations; determining a degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station based on whether the adjacent base station was detected by the first base station or by at least one neighbor base station of the group of base stations; and setting an uplink transmit power for each of one or more user equipment (UE) attached to the first base station based, at least in part, on the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station.
 38. The first base station of claim 37, wherein the executing causes the first base station to perform further operations comprising: determining one or more first tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more first tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by the first base station; and determining one or more second tier neighbor base stations of the first base station that belong to the group of base stations, wherein the one or more second tier neighbor base stations are determined based on being detected by at least one of the one or more second tier neighbor base stations.
 39. The first base station of claim 38, wherein the degree of association between the first base station and the adjacent base station is determined to be highest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is detected by the first base station or by at least one first tier neighbor and wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a reference uplink transmit power based on a pathloss to the adjacent base station.
 40. The first base station of claim 38, wherein the degree of association between the first base station is determined to be lowest based on a determination that the adjacent base station is not detected by the first base station and is not detected by at least one second tier neighbor and wherein the setting further comprises setting the uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE attached to the first base station to a maximum allowable uplink transmit power for each of the one or more UE. 